Coming to terms

I'm working on putting together a sheet with Genesis 1:14-31 typed out with each word listed underneath the verse.
My hospital stay has put me a little behind, but with God's grace I should have it done by next week.

A student asked for definitions of some terminology.
This is my email response, with a little editing, which I thought might help others.
Most of what I know about these terms comes from listening to Jim Davison, arguably one of the best language teachers on the planet.

These definitions are from my own head so do more reading and checking. This should get you started.

Imperative - This is telling someone else to be or act in a particular way. "You (or You all) wash the car." It is going to be either a 2nd person singular or a 2nd person plural because the subject is directing the "command" or "imperative" to someone else who is listening.

Infinitive - a verbal noun such as "to play" or "to run" or "to walk" etc. Usually you can use "to" in front of the verb to express it in English.

Participle - a verbal adjective. All the features of an adjective can apply. Sometimes adjectives (and participles) act like nouns - the good, the dead, the holy.

Notice that when they are used like nouns there is a definite article just in front of the adjective. This is what we call the "attributive position." When an adjective or a participle is in the attributive position, we apply or "attribute" the "substance of a noun" to it so it is sometimes referred to as "substantive."

This means we could say "The good man," or "The good woman," or "The good thing." Which gender we use is determined by the form of the adjective or participle. If it has a masculine form, we would say, "The good man." If it is a feminine form we would say, "The good woman."

Sometimes we don't specify in our translation. We might say Jesus is risen from the dead. Someone might ask, "The dead what? Dead men, Dead women, Dead ones?" In this case the substantive is just understood.

Sometimes adjectives are not following a definite article. We call those predicate position or predicate adjectives. The man is good. The woman is good. The thing is good. Notice that we supply the verb, "is".

All of this applies to participles which have verbal qualities and adjectival qualities. We have tense, voice and mood (or mode) like verbs, as well as case number and gender, like nouns or adjectives.

Sometimes we can just add "ing" to the verb to translate a participle - "living men, running girl, walking people."

Sometimes it is better to use a relative clause. "the men who were living," "the girl who was running," "the people who were walking."

Sometimes (usually in the predicate position) a temporal (having to do with time) sense is conveyed. "when the men lived," "as the girl ran," "after the people walked." Here the timing is defined by the timing of the main verb in the clause or sentence.

So, again, a participle is a verbal adjective.

Translating participles could be a class all by itself, but this gives you a quick overview.